E835
Toxic Substances and Plants
antifreeze | gasoline, kerosene,
motor oil | yard chemicals | cleaning
products and batteries | rodenticides | lead
| zinc | human medications
| animal medications | flea
and tick products | chocolate | garbage
| toxic plants | plants
that affect the gastrointestinal system | plants
that cause mouth and tongue irritations | plants
that cause mechanical or contact injury | plants
that affect the nervous system | plants
that affect the heart and circulatory system
Introduction:
There are many things
that are potentially toxic to pets. Numerous household items, such as
chemicals, cleaners, medications, plants, and even some foods, can harm dogs. In
general, if something is bad for a person, it will also be dangerous for a pet.
There are also compounds that are safe for humans yet are toxic to animals. The
best method to keep a pet safe is to assume that any product that is not known
to be harmless is potentially dangerous, and steps should be taken to prevent
any pet’s access to it. It is crucial to keep pets away from potential toxins,
both inside and outside of the house.
Over 90% of dog poisonings reported to poison control centers occur in the
home and result from dogs ingesting toxic substances. Do not assume that animals
"know" when an item is bad for them. Dogs cannot differentiate between
harmful and safe substances. As a matter of fact, some of the most deadly
substances actually smell good and taste great to pets.
To help prevent a pet from getting into toxic substances, get down to pet
level and look for items that need to be locked up and kept from a pet. When
considering a pet’s safety, think of the adjustments one would make for a
small child. Inexpensive child safety locks can keep pets out of cupboards and
cabinets. Pet gates can keep animals away from work areas and laundry rooms that
are stocked with poisons. Potentially toxic substances should be locked up, out
of sight, and out of the smell zone of a pet. If the pet can jump, it may be
necessary to lock cleaners and other items into closed cabinets to prevent
access.
If a pet gets into a potentially poisonous substance, immediately remove
the pet from the toxic substance and seek veterinary attention. Do not wait
to see if the pet gets sick. By that point, it may be too late to intervene.
Instead, call a veterinarian immediately. If the veterinarian is unavailable,
locate an emergency veterinary clinic or call a poison hotline. The veterinarian
may offer advice, such as to induce vomiting, rinse the mouth or skin, or come
immediately to the animal hospital. Do not attempt to treat the pet without
help. Do not induce vomiting without the veterinarian’s instructions.
Improper treatment may actually make the problem worse.
It is very important to save any poisonous item that a pet has ingested,
chewed, or touched. If at all possible, save all containers and labels. The
containers may list active ingredients, potential toxins, and treatments. For
example, if a pet eats rat poison, it is important for the veterinarian to know
the exact brand and name of the poison, not just the fact that it was a poison.
If a pet has consumed plant material, save the leaves, stems, flowers, and
branches. Different toxins may be found in different parts of the same plant.
The veterinarian has the best chance of administering appropriate therapy if the
toxic ingredients can be specifically identified.
Toxic Substances:
Introduction: The following list of potential toxins does not contain all
possible toxins for pets. There are hundreds of herbicides, insecticides,
household compounds, cleaners, chemicals, poisons, and drugs that can make a pet
very ill or cause death. Most reported poisonings in pets are in the categories
of insecticides, plants, rodenticides, medications, and house and yard
chemicals. This is a list of common poisons that are found in many homes:
- Antifreeze: Ethylene glycol is extremely toxic to animals. It is
the most common antifreeze used in cars and can also be found in de-icers
and some photographic solutions. Consuming tiny amounts can lead to kidney
failure and death. The liver breaks down the chemical into crystals, which
settle in the kidneys and cause severe kidney damage. Ethylene glycol has a
sweet taste that attracts animals, so pets may actually chew into containers
of antifreeze left lying around. Pets will even lick antifreeze off the
driveway if any leaks from a radiator or is spilled during work on a car.
Even licking a small amount of antifreeze off the driveway is enough to make
a pet very ill. Animals can be poisoned by amounts as small as a teaspoon.
Less than ½ teaspoon per pound of dog (4-7 mL/kg) can be fatal. Four ounces
of ethylene glycol antifreeze can kill a 50 pound dog.
Clinical Signs: The initial symptoms of anti-freeze poisoning appear
within 30-60 minutes after consumption. They include vomiting, excitement,
tremors, staggering, thirst, depression, and trouble breathing. As the toxic
crystals damage the kidneys, additional signs occur. These include loss of
appetite, drooling, and inability to urinate. This progresses to weakness,
delirium, convulsions, coma, and death.
Diagnosis: Animals that have consumed ethylene glycol should be seen
immediately by a veterinarian. This is an emergency situation that requires
immediate treatment. Do not wait to see if signs develop. Diagnosis is based
on the history of consumption of any amount of antifreeze, signs, physical
examination, and certain diagnostic tests.
Treatment: Do not attempt to treat this at home. The veterinarian will
immediately start emergency procedures to prevent absorption of the chemical
into the dog’s liver and kidneys. To recover, dogs must be treated within
hours of ingestion of antifreeze. Dogs that are not treated immediately
usually die of kidney failure resulting from the poisoning. Treatment may
include steps to reduce absorption of the chemical, such as inducing
vomiting, gastric lavage, and administration of activated charcoal. Pets
seen within 8 hours of poisoning can be treated with Antizol-Vet, a solution
of 4-methylpyrazole that acts as an antidote. Pets are maintained on
intravascular fluid therapy and may be treated with ethanol and thiamine.
Prevention: Antifreeze poisoning can be prevented by making sure pets
never have access to antifreeze. Closed containers of antifreeze should be
stored out of reach of dogs. Any spills or puddles should be immediately
cleaned up. Open containers should never be left on the driveway when
working on the radiator. Animals should be confined if open containers of
antifreeze need to sit out for any length of time.
If possible and recommended by the car manufacturer, purchase antifreeze
that is advertised as safe for pets and contains propylene glycol instead of
ethylene glycol. Although propylene glycol has been associated with
toxicities in cats and dogs, including red blood cell and nervous system
changes, it does not cause the fatal kidney damage associated with ethylene
glycol.
- Gasoline, Kerosene, and Motor Oil: Antifreeze is only one of the
many compounds used in engines that is toxic to animals. Gasoline, along
with petroleum distillates such as oil and kerosene, is poisonous if it is ingested, inhaled, or
comes into contact with the skin. Gasoline removes
the fats from the surface of the skin and can be absorbed across the skin
into the body. It is also absorbed through the lungs. Animals that ingest
these substances or have them spilled on their skin typically also inhale
the fumes at the same time. Other common toxic petroleum distillates are
paint thinner and charcoal lighting fluid.
Clinical Signs: Signs of gasoline inhalation include flushing of the
skin, muscle twitching, depression, dilated pupils, eye irritation,
convulsions, confusion or delirium, and death. If the gasoline is ingested,
the animal may drool, vomit, twitch, and have convulsions. Damage to the
liver and kidneys may result in vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, weight
loss, and eventual death. Ingestion of oil or kerosene can cause vomiting,
diarrhea, difficulty breathing, weakness, depression, and coma. Inhalation
of any of these substances can rapidly lead to lung damage and pneumonia.
Diagnosis: Diagnosis is based on physical examination, signs, and
history of exposure. The owner may see the dog ingest the toxin or find a
spilled can of gasoline and an animal that has gasoline on its skin.
Treatment:
Treatment for inhalation poisoning involves removing the animal from the
source of the fumes. The animal should be brought into fresh air immediately.
Substances should be removed from the skin if contact has been made. Do not
induce vomiting if these products are ingested. Antidotes may include milk or egg whites. Veterinary care may
include steps to reduce absorption, such as using activated charcoal, along
with intravascular fluid therapy, oxygen, antibiotics to treat the pneumonia
and skin infections, and supportive care. Animals that have inhaled or
swallowed large amounts of gasoline may not respond to therapy.
Prevention: Keep all fuels and petroleum distillates away from pets, and
containers should be sealed and stored in areas inaccessible to animals.
Containers should not be left open and standing. Any spills should be cleaned
up at once. Oil drained from automobiles should be properly disposed of
immediately. Never leave pets with access to drained oil, kerosene, lighter
fluid, or paint thinners.
Yard Chemicals: Insecticides, herbicides, and fertilizers can be
extremely dangerous if consumed by pets. They contain a variety of chemicals
that can be ingested directly from the containers or licked off the feet by
a pet that has walked through recently treated areas. Insecticides account
for approximately one-third of all reported animal poisonings. It is
important to follow all label directions when using yard and lawn products.
Keep the bottles so that complete label directions are available in case of
poisoning.
Clinical Signs:
The signs of poisoning depend on the chemical ingested. They can include loss
of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, blood in the feces, depression, drooling,
rear limb weakness, generalized weakness, respiratory distress, coma, and
death. Long term reactions to poisoning can include anemia, changes in white
blood cell numbers, and increases in certain cancers. Insecticides can also
cause skin irritations if the pet walks across recently treated areas of the
lawn or contacts undiluted product.
Diagnosis:
Diagnosis is based on the history of exposure, signs of poisoning, and
examination. Owners may find a chewed-open bottle of product and a sick pet.
Some poisonings can be confirmed with blood tests.
Treatment:
Often, treatment may not be helpful. Most chemicals do not have specific
antidotes, so supportive care is given until the product is eliminated from
the body. Treatment may include rinsing the chemical off of the animal,
administering medications to prevent absorption or speed elimination of the
product from the body, and treatment to diminish the signs of illness.
Hospitalization and intravenous fluid therapy may be needed. Some cases are
fatal or result in chronic illness.
Prevention:
Prevention involves limiting pet access to all yard chemicals. Products should
be properly diluted before applying to the yard. All manufacturers’ label
warnings should be followed. Follow label recommendations regarding water
application to recently treated areas. Pets should be kept off recently
treated lawns. Make sure the lawn is dry and the product is absorbed before
allowing the pet access to it. Do not ignore the small warning flags placed on
recently treated areas by lawn care companies. Keep pets off treated lawns in
public areas or neighboring yards. Do not allow pets to play near or drink
from run-off ponds or ditches that may contain high concentrations of yard
chemicals.
Cleaning Products and Batteries: All household cleansers should be
considered dangerous to pets. Pets may sample open containers of liquids or
drink from buckets of diluted cleaners. Puppies may try to play with
cleaning buckets or mops saturated with cleaners. They may chew and swallow
batteries.
Clinical Signs: The signs of poisoning will depend on the product
ingested. Batteries and many cleaners contain corrosive agents that burn any
tissue they touch. Animals may have irritated, red, swollen areas around the
mouth and throat. There may be vomiting, diarrhea, muscle twitching,
weakness, difficulty breathing, and collapse.
Diagnosis: Diagnosis is based on history of exposure, signs of illness,
and physical examination. X-rays may help identify pieces of batteries in
the gastrointestinal tract. Owners may find a chewed-open bottle of cleanser
and an ill pet. Owners may observe their pet drinking from a bucket of
diluted cleanser or chewing on batteries.
Treatment:
Although treatment cannot be accomplished at home, initial therapy may be
started before traveling to the veterinary hospital. Do not induce vomiting.
Do not administer any therapy or antidotes without first identifying the exact
toxin and consulting with a veterinarian. Find the bottle of product that
caused the poisoning and read the ingredient label. It is not enough to know
that a product is a floor or toilet bowl cleaner; the exact chemical must be
known to avoid improper treatment.
Initial home therapy, after discussion with a veterinarian, may include
flushing with water for skin burns and administering a solution of egg whites
in warm water for products that have been swallowed. Acids, such as batteries,
may be treated with 15 mLs of milk of magnesia or 4 egg whites per quart of
warm water. Ammonia and caustic, alkaline products may be treated with egg
whites in water, followed by a 1:4 solution of vinegar or lemon juice and
water. Detergents should be rinsed off with soap and water if they are on the
pet’s skin or treated with milk, egg whites, and water if swallowed.
Antidotes for bleach include milk, eggs, or milk of magnesia. It must be
stressed again that it is of critical importance to confer with a
veterinarian prior to administering any home remedy. No oral medications
should be administered to an unconscious animal or one that cannot swallow.
Improper therapy may exacerbate the problem and interfere with further
treatment.
Once at the animal hospital, the veterinarian may be able to administer
neutralizing agents to control further irritation. Other treatments include
intravascular fluid therapy, medications to control swelling and pain,
antibiotics, wound therapy, and supportive care.
Prevention: The pet’s access to these substances must be avoided.
Bottles of cleansers should be kept in closed cabinets or out of the reach of
pets. Diluted cleaning solutions should be disposed of as soon as possible,
and buckets should be thoroughly rinsed and dried. Cleaning tools should be
stored away from pets. Batteries should be kept in closed containers and old
ones should be disposed of properly. Do not throw old batteries into
wastebaskets where a pet may find them. Toilet bowl lids should be kept closed
to prevent consumption of contaminated water from the bowl. Dishwashers should
be kept closed to prevent accidental ingestion of the detergents in the
dispensers. Pets should be kept off of any wet, recently cleaned areas to
prevent exposure to active cleansers.
Rodenticides: Rat and mouse poisons, called rodenticides, are
extremely dangerous for pets. The poisons are designed to kill small
mammals. Pets are simply larger mammals and may easily become ill from these
poisons. Most rodenticides, including warfarin, fumarin, brodifacoum, and
bromadiolone, work by interfering with blood clotting. Poisoned animals
bleed to death. The anti-coagulants interfere with production of compounds
called clotting factors. Without clotting factors, bleeding occurs.
The rodenticides are equally effective at causing internal bleeding in pets.
Small amounts of rat poisons can be lethal. Several small doses consumed
over many days can actually cause more severe poisoning than one large dose
of poison, but even one dose of an anticoagulant rat poison can lead to
massive bleeding. Depending on the actual rodenticide, less than 2 ounces of
bait can poison a 20-pound dog. Although less common, the consumption of
rodents that have been killed by rodenticides can also cause poisoning.
Clinical Signs: The effects can take several days to be noticed. They
can include bleeding under the skin, into the eyes, from the nose, near the
gum line, or any other place on the body. The animal may also pass blood in
the feces, urine, or vomitus. The gums and sclera may look very pale.
Weakness, changes in respiration, difficulty breathing, depression, and
death can follow.
Diagnosis: Animals that have consumed rat poisons or eaten poisoned rats
should be brought immediately to the veterinarian. Because it will take
several days for bleeding to be evident, do not wait to see if signs of
poisoning appear. Diagnosis is based on physical examination, history of
consumption of rat poison or poisoned rodents, and blood tests. Blood tests
will include a complete blood count, along with coagulation profiles and
specific clotting factor assays. It is critical for the veterinarian to know
the exact rat poison to institute correct therapy.
Treatment: Treatment is started immediately and depends on the type of
rodenticide and the length of time that has passed since consumption of the
poison. Dogs that are seen immediately may be treated to reduce absorption
by inducing vomiting and gastric lavage. After the rodenticide has been
removed from the dog’s system, dogs exposed to anticoagulants are treated
with a specific type of vitamin K, vitamin K-1. Other types of vitamin K are
not effective. Vitamin K-1 facilitates the production of the body’s
clotting factors. Immediate treatment can prevent the need for weeks of
continuous medication.
Once symptoms occur, treatment is less successful and can take many weeks.
Treatment of a dog that is bleeding may include blood transfusions and
several weeks of vitamin K-1 therapy. Treatment of animals poisoned by
newer, stronger anticoagulant rodenticides may not be successful. It is
critical to bring the product label so that the veterinarian knows which
bait has been used. The newer anticoagulant rodenticides may stay in the
body for many weeks and require much more aggressive therapy than older,
less potent products. Dogs that have consumed the more potent anticoagulants
should be treated with oral vitamin K-1 for a minimum of 4-6 weeks.
There are other rodenticides that are almost impossible to treat. These
poisons may cause severe damage to the nervous system, heart, liver,
stomach, intestines, and kidneys. Blindness, coma, and death can also occur.
There are no antidotes to these toxins. Treatment may include steps to
decrease absorption, medication to control seizures if they occur, and
symptomatic therapy. Prognosis is grave for most of these poisonings.
Prevention:
Rodenticide poisoning can be avoided by preventing consumption of rat poisons
or poisoned rodents. The poison is often flavored or added to grain mixtures
that attract both rodents and pets. The plastic or cardboard bait containers
are easily torn open by even the youngest puppies. It is safest to totally
avoid the use of these substances in households with pets. Humane, live traps
or spring loaded rodent traps that kill immediately should be used instead of
rodenticides. Additional steps, such as keeping food sources in rodent-proof
bins and cleaning food dispensers routinely, should be implemented to reduce
rodent numbers.
Lead: Lead poisoning in pets can be a relatively common occurrence.
Lead can be found in older paints and lead fishing sinkers. In addition, lead
is found in many common substances, including insecticides, linoleum, shower
curtain weights, drape weights, lead shot, putty, ceramics, batteries, and
some glazed china. Many pets have chronic exposure to lead caused by chewing
on lead-based paint that is chipping off painted walls and baseboards. Some
are acutely poisoned following ingestion of lead weights, lead-containing golf
balls, or insecticides.
Clinical Signs: Signs may vary depending on the amount of lead ingested
and the length of time of exposure. Gastrointestinal signs may include
vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, stomach pain, and loss of appetite.
Neurological signs are often present and may include whining, nervousness,
lack of coordination, wobbliness, depression, blindness, obsessive circling,
convulsions, paralysis, and coma that leads to death. Some animals may have
pale gums that can indicate anemia.
Diagnosis: Diagnosis is based on history of exposure, signs of illness,
and physical examination. Blood tests will show anemia and changes in the red
blood cells. Tests of the fluid that surrounds the spinal cord will also show
abnormalities. Specific tests can measure the level of lead in the blood and
lead to the definitive diagnosis of lead poisoning.
Treatment:
Treatment depends on length of time of poisoning. Recent poisonings respond to
treatments to prevent absorption of the lead, along with procedures to remove
lead objects from the stomach or intestines. Small lead items such as curtain
weights may be removed via endoscopy or surgery from the gastrointestinal tract.
Chronic cases of lead poisoning are treated with drugs to control neurologic
signs, nursing care, and antidotes to reduce blood levels of lead. Specific
antidotes are available to treat lead poisoning. Calcium disodium edetate (Ca
EDTA) alone or in combination with dimercaprol (BAL) is used. D-penicillamine (Cuprimine)
may be used orally later in the therapy. Succimer (meso-2, 3-dimercaptosuccinic
acid), given orally, has been used successfully in experimental settings.
Thiamine hydrochloride has been used to help control neurological signs.
Prevention:
Prevention involves limiting access to substances that contain lead or lead
salts. Lead shot, sinkers, and weights should be kept away from curious pets.
Insecticides should be locked away. Pets should not be fed on ceramic plates
that may be poorly glazed. Lead paints should be replaced with non-toxic paints.
Procedures that are followed to prevent lead poisoning in children will also
protect pets.
Zinc: Although zinc poisoning is much
less common than lead poisoning, zinc has been associated with toxicity. Found
in pennies and often in the screws that secure pet crates, zinc can be
swallowed by curious pets.
Clinical Signs/Diagnosis: Signs of zinc toxicity can include loss of
appetite, weakness, and depression. Gums may be pale, white, or have a yellow
tinge. Diagnosis is based on signs, a history of exposure, and examination.
Owners may have seen the pet swallow items containing zinc or have lost the
screws to a carrier. Zinc causes anemia, which can be identified with blood
tests. Specific blood tests can demonstrate zinc in the blood. Radiographs may
show the zinc-containing items in the gastrointestinal tract.
Treatment: Treatment involves removal of the foreign objects via
gastroscopy or surgery and supportive care. Care may include intravascular
fluid therapy and blood transfusion for extremely ill animals.
Prevention: Zinc toxicosis can be prevented by keeping all zinc-containing
foreign objects away from pets. Young dogs are the most likely to swallow
these items, but even older pets are known to consume small objects. Pennies
should be kept off the table and floor and stored in closed containers or
banks. Zinc fasteners on pet crates can be replaced with plastic ones. A few
simple precautions can protect pets from zinc poisoning.
Human Medications: Both prescription and non-prescription
medications can make pets quite ill. Due to differences in metabolism, some
medications used by people are toxic for pets. Even those human medications
that are used for pets must be given at very different dosages to pets than
people. Human medications, including over the counter remedies, should only
be given to pets when a veterinarian specifically recommends the medication
and gives an exact dose. In addition, "folk", herbal, plant,
homemade, and "natural" remedies can be toxic to pets. Just
because a product is made with herbs does not mean that it is not potent and
potentially toxic. Common medications that can adversely affect pets include
over-the-counter pain medications, such as aspirin and aspirin substitutes,
lotions and ointments, and prescription medications.
Clinical Signs: The signs of illness following consumption of
medications can vary depending on the product consumed. Some potential
symptoms may include vomiting, drooling, loss of appetite, diarrhea,
depression, bleeding, staggering, seizures, coma, and death.
Diagnosis: Diagnosis is based on history of ingestion of the product,
symptoms, and physical examination. In some cases, special blood work can be
done to test for the presence of specific medications.
Treatment:
Do not attempt treatment at home. Home treatment can make some dogs worse and
interfere with veterinary care. Veterinary treatment may include induction of
vomiting and supportive care. Most medications do not have antidotes.
Symptomatic nursing care is provided until the substance is eliminated from
the body. Some medications are lethal if ingested.
Prevention:
Prevention involves keeping all human medications away from pets. Medications
should be kept in closed cupboards that pets cannot reach. Old medications
should be flushed down the toilet and the toilet should be repeatedly flushed
until all the tablets are gone. Do not leave discarded medications in the
trash where they can be found by pets. Ointments and lotions should also be
stored properly.
Most importantly, never treat an animal with products made for people unless
instructed to do so by a veterinarian. All doses of human medications
given to pets should be reviewed with the veterinarian. Never increase the
frequency of administration or the amount given without a veterinary
consultation.
Pain medications: Over-the-counter pain medications for people are given
to pets. These drugs are usually in a class of medications called
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and include medications such as aspirin,
ibuprofen, naproxen, and acetaminophen. These drugs should only be used under
the direct advice and supervision of a veterinarian. Used inappropriately,
these medications can cause severe toxicity. Dogs require much lower doses of
these medications than humans do. If treated with the amounts given to people,
the animals can become very ill. Even those animals treated at lower doses are
at risk for developing a variety of problems, including stomach irritation,
stomach ulcers, bleeding, kidney disease, and liver problems. Do not use these
medications without a veterinarian’s knowledge and recommendation. Do not
increase the dosage or frequency of administration without consulting a
veterinarian. Stop all medication and contact a veterinarian if any unusual
side effects or signs are noted.
Animal Medications: Pet medications can be toxic if administered at
the incorrect dose or if given to the wrong species of pet. For example,
some medications used for dogs are poisonous to cats. In addition, the risk
of accidental overdose is increased when using highly palatable, chewable
medications. Common medications that can cause toxic overdoses include pain
medications, heartworm medications, cardiac drugs, and antibiotics.
Clinical Signs: The signs of toxicosis depend on the drug ingested, the
amount ingested, and the species of animal involved in the poisoning. Some
signs may include diarrhea, vomiting, passing blood in the vomitus or feces,
nosebleeds, and loss of appetite. Collapse, neurological signs, coma, and
death may occur.
Diagnosis: Diagnosis is based on signs of poisoning, a history of
exposure to the medication, and physical examination. Some overdoses can be
confirmed by blood tests. Many times, owners find a bottle of chewable
medication opened and the entire contents consumed by the animal.
Treatment:
Treatment depends on the medication consumed and the amount of time that has
passed since consumption of the medication. Acute cases may be treated with
methods designed to limit absorption and speed elimination of the drug. Other
cases may require supportive nursing care and medications to reduce the signs
of illness.
Prevention:
Prevention involves limiting access that pets have to medications. Do not
assume that medication is safe because it has been prescribed for one pet. All
medications should be kept out of the reach of pets, which may mean storing
them in
a locked cupboard. Never increase the amount of medication given to a pet
without consulting a veterinarian.
Flea and Tick Products: Flea and tick killing products can cause
severe, unwanted side effects in pets. These products are available as dips,
sprays, shampoos, spot-on topical solutions, and collars. All forms of the
products can cause poisoning in pets. Many cases of toxicity caused by these
insecticides could be avoided if label directions are followed exactly.
Label directions will list the species that the product is intended to be
used for, the amount to use, the method of administration, the frequency of
administration, and the active ingredients.
Because a manufacturer may give the same name to products with different
ingredients, labels may be confusing. A flea product made for dogs may have
the same name as a flea product with different ingredients made for cats,
with only the word "dog" replacing "cat" on the new
product label. This can be extremely dangerous, because many dog flea and
tick products are toxic to cats. Always read labels carefully. Do not
ever use an insecticide labeled for a particular species of animal on
another species without consulting a veterinarian.
Clinical Signs: The signs of flea and tick product toxicity may include
tremors, salivation, depression, skin irritation, loss of appetite,
vomiting, diarrhea, incoordination, and seizures. Difficulty breathing,
coma, and death can follow. Signs often appear within minutes after using
the product.
Diagnosis: Diagnosis is typically based on signs, physical examination,
and a history of exposure to flea and tick products. Owners may notice signs
immediately after administering a flea dip or moments after applying a
topical spot-on product.
Treatment: Treatment involves removing as much product as possible from
the animal. Animals can be bathed in soap, detergent pet shampoos, or
diluted dish detergent and rinsed copiously to remove shampoos, sprays,
dips, and topical solutions. Collars should be removed. Veterinary treatment
may involve gastric lavage and the use of laxatives to remove the toxin,
along with intravascular fluid therapy and medications to control seizures
and neurologic signs. Depending on the exact chemical involved, atropine
sulfate may be needed. Pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM) is used for some
poisonings.
Prevention: Careful use of flea and tick products can prevent accidental
poisonings. All label directions should be read and followed carefully. Do
not use the products on sick, debilitated, pregnant, or nursing pets without
a veterinarian’s advice. Do not use products more frequently or in greater
amounts than the label advises. Do not use dog products on cats. Do not use
products on pets that are younger or weigh less than the minimums listed on
the label. Keep all product packages out of the reach of pets to prevent
accidental exposure or consumption. Trim flea and tick collars so that pets
cannot chew on any excess left hanging from the collar. Avoid the use of
collars on young animals that pull and chew on the collars. Consult a
veterinarian if questions arise about a product before using it.
Do not use insecticides intended for yards, lawns, plants, rugs, or houses
on pets. Even if the products list ingredients that are similar to pet flea
and tick remedies, those made for use on inanimate objects or in the
environment are typically much more potent than those designed to be used on
pets. Do not use any chemicals designed to kill other insects, such as ants,
bees, or cockroaches, on pets. Exposure to any of these products through
contact or consumption can cause severe poisonings. Signs, diagnosis, and
treatment are similar to those for pet flea and tick products. Do not allow
pets near recently treated areas and follow all label directions regarding
proper use and ventilation after use. Do not allow pets to contact any areas
that are still wet from insecticides. Remove all pets from the house during
treatments with flea foggers or sprays. Never use these chemicals in place
of flea and tick products labeled for use on pets.
Chocolate: Many animals love the taste of chocolate. However,
chocolate contains a stimulant called theobromine, which causes
over-stimulation of an animal’s body. All body systems, including the
gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, and
nervous system, are affected by theobromine. The more concentrated the
chocolate, the larger the amount of theobromine present and the greater the
risk to pets. Unsweetened baker’s chocolate is much more dangerous than
chocolate ice cream. Baking chocolate contains approximately nine times as
much theobromine as milk chocolate.
The toxic dose of chocolate for a dog is 100-150 milligrams per kilogram of
body weight (approximately 45-68 mg/lb). This means that about 1 ounce of
milk chocolate per pound of body weight will make a dog ill. In contrast, it
only takes less than 1/2 ounce of semi-sweet chocolate per pound of body
weight and as little as 1/8 ounce of baker’s chocolate per pound of body
weight to poison a dog. A small dog may become toxic from as little as 1/2
to 1 ounce of baker’s chocolate!
Clinical Signs: The signs of chocolate intoxication vary, but can
include vomiting, diarrhea, nervousness, pacing, frequent urination, muscle
tremors, rapid breathing, and a rapid heart rate. Seizures, depression, and
death can result from the consumption of large amounts of chocolate.
Symptoms depend on the amount of chocolate eaten and the size of the animal.
A large dog that eats a few chocolate chip cookies may show no symptoms at
all, while a small dog that eats a bar of baker’s chocolate may become
severely ill and possibly die.
Diagnosis: Diagnosis is based on a history of chocolate consumption, the
symptoms, and physical examination of the pet. Owners may find an empty box
of chocolate and an ill pet. Some owners may notice symptoms after sharing
chocolate with their pet.
Treatment: The first step in treatment is to remove any remaining
chocolate to prevent further consumption. Next, assess the amount of
chocolate consumed. A dog that has eaten only tiny amounts of chocolate
baked into a bakery item may not require any treatment. If unsure,
contact a veterinarian. If the dog has consumed potentially toxic amounts of
chocolate, seek immediate veterinary care. Veterinary treatment may involve
the induction of vomiting, gastric lavage, the administration of charcoal to
absorb toxins, the use of medications to control seizures and elevated
heartbeat, and supportive care until the toxin is eliminated from the animal’s
body.
Prevention: Chocolate toxicosis can be prevented by keeping all forms of
baking chocolate, chocolate candy, and baked items that contain chocolate
away from pets. Do not share chocolate foods with pets. Use
chocolate-flavored substitutes when cooking treats for pets. Do not assume
that tiny bits of chocolate are okay for a pet. One cannot be sure how even
small amounts will effect an animal; all chocolate should be kept away from
pets.
Garbage: Rotting and spoiled foods are an excellent source of
toxins. Bacterial overgrowth in decaying meats and dairy products can lead
to poisoning of dogs that ingest them. Clostridium, Campylobacter,
Salmonella, and Yersinia are some of the bacteria that will
rapidly multiply in rotten foods. In addition, toxins from the bacteria can
produce severe illness and lead to death. Animals that are fed old garbage
or spoiled "left-overs" may be poisoned by bacteria or bacterial
toxins. Meat and dairy products left in compost piles also contribute to
this type of poisoning. Pets that have access to and consume the carcasses
of dead animals may also become sick.
Clinical Signs: Signs include severe vomiting, diarrhea with or without
the presence of blood, dehydration, nausea, pain, and collapse. Clostridial
toxicosis can cause paralysis, coma, and death. Other bacterial toxins may
cause wobbling, difficulty breathing, and convulsions.
Diagnosis:
Diagnosis is based on history of exposure, signs of illness, and physical
examination. Laboratory tests may be helpful in reaching a definitive
diagnosis. Owners may find overturned garbage cans and an ill pet. Pets may
vomit partially digested meats or animal parts that point to the cause of
illness.
Treatment:
Treatment is based on limiting absorption of the toxin, including gastric
lavage, and providing supportive therapy until the toxin is eliminated. Fluid
therapy may be needed. Clostridium toxicosis may be treated with antitoxin if
diagnosed early in the course of poisoning.
Prevention:
Prevention is accomplished by keeping animals away from spoiled and rotting
foods. Kitchen waste should be kept out of the reach of pets. Garbage cans
should be tightly sealed and inaccessible to pets. Pets should not be fed old
or decaying foods. If the food is considered too old for a person to consume,
it is too old to be fed to a pet. In addition, meat and dairy products should
not be added to compost piles. Decomposing meat and cheese not only attract
rodents but are a major source of toxins for pets that dig through the compost
and consume the foods. Animals should not be allowed to consume road kill and
the carcasses of dead animals.
Toxic Plants:
Introduction:
There are many different
plants both inside and outside the house that can be toxic to pets. There are
over 700 plants in the United States that are known to cause illness; these
plants contain hundreds of different types of toxins. Many common household
plants contain chemicals that are toxic if consumed. Others contain toxins that
can irritate skin and mucus membranes. Typical poisonous plants that may be
found in a home include iris, philodendrons, jack in the pulpit, and rubber
plants. Common yard vegetation that is very poisonous includes oleander, laurel,
yew, and azalea. It may be necessary to keep only non-toxic plants, such as oat
grass, in the house if a pet is likely to chew. This is often the case with
young or bored pets but not typically a problem in older, well-adjusted animals.
It can be very difficult to keep all poisonous plants away from pets. Steps
should be taken to remove poisonous plants from the house and yard. Because
different plants may produce similar signs of poisoning, yet require different
treatments, it is critical to save all remaining parts of a plant that a pet has
ingested. They may be needed for identification to decide if an antidote is
available and to choose the proper course of treatment.
There are many books written on poisonous plants. It would be a wise idea to
keep an illustrated book of common poisonous plants. This will aid in
identification in case of accidental poisoning.
Clinical Signs: The signs of plant poisoning depend on the plant that has
been chewed or consumed. Signs may include drooling, vomiting, diarrhea,
twitching, nervousness, coma, and death. The most common houseplant poisonings
occur after ingestion of plants in the family Areaceae. Plants in this
family, including dieffenbachia, philodendron, elephant’s ear, and rhubarb,
contain irritating calcium oxalate crystals. If chewed, the crystals cause
salivation and swelling of the mouth, tongue, and throat. The pet may not be
able to swallow, have blisters, and difficulty breathing. Eye and skin
irritation can occur if the plant juices touch these areas. Other plants cause
different signs that correlate to the body organs or system that are affected by
the particular plant toxin. Some plants affect only one body system; others
affect multiple organs and cause many signs of illness.
Diagnosis: Diagnosis is usually based on access to a plant, evidence of
ingestion, and a sick pet. Owners often find chewed vegetation and a salivating
pet that is pawing at its mouth. Veterinary diagnosis is based on a history of
exposure, symptoms, and physical examination. There are no specific tests to
determine plant poisonings.
Treatment: Treatment is dependent on the symptoms and may include rinsing
the plant juice from the mouth, eyes, and skin. Some animals require pain
medication, general nursing care, hospitalization, and intravenous fluid
therapy. There are antidotes for some plant toxins. Other plant poisons are so
toxic that pets succumb despite treatment. It is critical to provide the
veterinarian with the plant and the exact parts that have been chewed. Different
parts of plants may contain different toxins and require different treatments.
In addition, it is inadequate to use common names to identify the plants for the
veterinarian. Using the plant’s common name can lead to confusion because
similar names may describe very different plants. The veterinarian must know the
botanical name of the plant or see the plant to achieve a proper diagnosis for
treatment.
Prevention: Prevention is accomplished by denying access to poisonous
plants throughout a pet’s environment. If a pet insists on chewing plants,
provide ones that are harmless. Poisonous plants should be hung up or kept out
of reach of the animal. Yard plants should be labeled with both common and
botanical names, so that toxic ones are easily identified in case of accidental
ingestion. Yard waste and clippings should be disposed of properly. Outdoor
water bowls should be kept clear of potentially dangerous plant clippings and
leaves. The easiest way to avoid outdoor plant poisonings is to avoid the use of
toxic ornamental plants and shrubs.
Do not assume that a plant is safe if birds or wildlife eat it. These animals
may have different sensitivities than domestic pets or may actually end up being
poisoned as well. Do not allow pets to chew or eat any plant parts, including
leaves, stems, and twigs. Do not allow pets to consume mushrooms, nuts, seeds,
or flowers.
Common Plant Poisons: There are many different techniques to categorize
and identify poisonous plants. The following pages list plants by the body
system commonly affected by the poison. Some plants may affect more than one
body system and appear more than once. The list does not include all possible
toxic plants.
- Plants that Affect the Gastrointestinal System: There are many
plants that can cause intestinal problems if swallowed. Most cause intestinal
upset that is treated symptomatically. There are no antidotes; supportive care
should be provided unless noted otherwise.
- Poisonous Shrubs - The family Ericaceae, including rhododendrons and
azaleas (Rhododendron spp.), are common house and garden plants.
Accidental ingestion leads to rapid signs of toxicity. Signs include
salivation, vomiting, depression, repeated swallowing, and loss of appetite.
Additional signs may include cardiac changes such as collapse and even death.
Similar signs are seen following ingestion of laurel (Kalmia).
Immediate death may occur if a dog eats laurel. There is no antidote.
Treatment involves supportive care. Most pets will not consume enough to
become ill.
- Bulb Plants - The bulbs of all garden plants should be considered
potentially toxic if consumed. Common ornamental plants that are grown from
bulbs include tulips, daffodils, amaryllis, and iris. Dogs that consume the
bulbs may suffer from abdominal pains, loss of appetite, vomiting, and
diarrhea. There is no antidote. Treatment involves supportive and symptomatic
therapy. Most animals survive the poisoning.
Common Plants Grown From Bulbs:
Common Name |
Botanical Name |
Tulip |
Tulipa spp. |
Daffodil |
Narcissus
pseudonarcissus |
Iris |
Iris spp. |
Amaryllis |
Amaryllis spp. |
- English Ivy - Hedera helix is a ground cover that has toxin in both
the leaves and berries. Ingestion causes salivation, increased thirst, vomiting,
diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Coma and death may follow. There is no antidote.
Treatment includes supportive and symptomatic care.
- Bean Poisonings - The castor bean plant (Ricinus communis) and the
precatory bean (Abrus precatorius) produce beans that cause severe
poisoning if ingested. The castor bean must be chewed or opened to cause a
problem. The precatory bean is so toxic that one bean can be fatal. Both plants
may be used as ornamentals and may grow wild in the southern states. Both types
of beans may be dried and used in jewelry. The dried beans also cause poisoning
if chewed. Signs of poisoning develop several hours after ingestion. Common
signs include a fever, followed by increased thirst, abdominal pain, bloody
diarrhea, increased heart rate, convulsions, paralysis, and death. There is no
antidote. Treatment may include inducing vomiting, gastrointestinal lavage,
symptomatic support, and intravascular fluid therapy. Therapy may not be
successful in some cases.
- Family Solanaceae - There are many plants in this family that are used for
food (potato, eggplant) and decoration (Jerusalem cherry, deadly nightshade).
All the plants contain an alkaloid toxin called solanine. Pets may be poisoned
if they consume the plant or the berries, especially if the berries are not yet
ripe. Signs of poisoning include loss of appetite, abdominal pain, vomiting, and
diarrhea. In addition, some plants in this group cause nervous system signs,
including salivation, drowsiness, trouble breathing, trembling, weakness, and
coma. There is no antidote. Treatment includes supportive nursing care and
symptomatic treatment of signs of toxicity.
Common Plants in the Family Solanaceae:
Common Name |
Botanical Name |
Black
Nightshade |
Solanum nigrum |
Jerusalem
Cherry |
Solanum pseudocapsicum |
Nightshade |
Solanum dulcamara |
Horse
Nettle |
Solanum carolinense |
Buffalo
Bur |
Solanum rostratum |
Potato (if green and/or
sprouted) |
Solanum tuberosum |
- Walnuts and Acorns - Nuts from the black walnut tree (Juglans nigra),
the English walnut tree (Juglans regia), the horse chestnut tree (Aesculus
hippocastanum), and acorns from oak trees (Quercus spp.) have all
been identified as toxic to pets. Signs are consistent with gastroenteritis
(inflammation of the stomach and intestines) and include vomiting and diarrhea,
possibly accompanied by blood. Some animals may have seizures. Acorn poisoning
may also result in depression, signs of kidney disease, and constipation. There
is no antidote for animals that consume these walnuts or acorns. Treatment
involves symptomatic and supportive therapy.
- Holiday Plants - There are several ornamental plants and shrubs that are
brought into homes during the winter holidays. The brightly colored flowers and
berries may attract curious pets that find the new plants interesting. This is
particularly a problem with young puppies. If ingested, these plants can cause a
variety of signs, including diarrhea and vomiting. In addition, the irritating
sap of poinsettia and other members of the Euphorbia family can cause irritation
of the eyes, tongue, skin, and gastrointestinal tract. Treatment involves
rinsing off any irritating sap, along with supportive care and fluid therapy as
needed. There is no antidote.
Common Poisonous Holiday Plants:
Common Name |
Botanical Name |
American
Mistletoe |
Phoradendron flavescens |
Crown of
Thorns |
Euphorbia splendens |
Poinsettia |
Euphorbia pulcherrima |
Snow on the
Mountain |
Euphorbia marginata |
Tinsel
Tree |
Euphorbia tirucalli |
- Berries - Elderberry (Sambucus canadensis) and pokeweed (Phytolacca
americana) berries can cause diarrhea if consumed. Uncooked elderberries can
cause severe diarrhea. There is no antidote. Treatment involves symptomatic and
supportive nursing care.
- Plants that Cause Mouth and Tongue Irritation:
- Family Araceae - This group of common houseplants accounts for the
majority of small animal poisonings. Curious, playful, or bored dogs chew on
the plants and are exposed to the irritating toxins found in the plants.
Poisoning is a result of calcium oxalate crystals that form in body tissues,
along with enzymes that cause histamine release. This results in immediate and
severe signs of local irritation and inflammation. Signs include salivation,
mouth pain, swollen tongue and lips, pawing at the face and mouth, and loss of
voice due to vocal fold swelling. Swelling of the tongue may last for several
days and cause the tongue to protrude from the mouth. Severe signs that
require emergency care include swelling in the throat and mouth that interferes
with breathing. If the sap lands on broken skin, mucus membranes, or the eyes,
irritation will result, causing dermatitis and eye irritations. There is no
antidote. Treatment includes drugs to reduce swelling, such as antihistamines
and corticosteroids, along with supportive therapy. Emergency care may be
required to save the animal’s life.
Common Plants that Contain Oxalates:
Common Name |
Botanical Name |
Caladium |
Caladium spp. |
Calla
Lily |
Zantedeschia aethiopica |
Dumbcane |
Dieffenbachia spp. |
Elephant’s
Ear |
Colocasia spp. |
Jack in the
Pulpit |
Arisaema triphyllum |
Philodendron |
Philodendron spp. |
Skunk
Cabbage |
Symplocarpus foetidus |
Rhubarb
(leaf) |
Rheum rhaponticum |
- Plants that Cause Mechanical or Contact Injury:
- Nettles - There are plants that protect themselves with small, hair-like
projections that contain irritants such as histamine, acetylcholine, serotonin,
and formic acid. Dogs that run through these plants can pick up enough nettles
to cause signs of toxicity. These signs include salivation, painful mouth,
pawing at the mouth, tremors, vomiting, low heart rate, difficulty breathing,
and muscle weakness. Treatment may include the use of atropine as an antidote,
along with symptomatic care to reduce inflammation/irritation and supportive
therapy.
Common Plants that Cause Irritation:
Common Name |
Botanical Name |
Nettle |
Urticaria
chamaedryoides |
Stinging
Nettle |
Urticaria dioica |
Bull
Nettle |
Laportea canadensis |
Nettle
Spurge |
Cnidoscolus stimulosus |
- Plants with Mechanical Means of Injury - In addition to cacti, there are
many plants that use barbs, spines, awns, burs, and hooks to avoid being eaten
or to attach their seeds to passing animals for dispersal. Although these plants
do not carry toxic agents, they can harm pets. These small foreign objects can
cause mechanical injury by embedding into animals. Many awns are equipped with
barbs that allow them to move forward only; they cannot be pulled out of the
skin by the animal. They can migrate through the skin, nostrils, ears, and other
body orifices or be inhaled. Common sites of entry include the ears, nostrils,
and eyes. Once in the body, the awns can migrate anywhere. Signs depend on the
body system affected and can include drainage from the nose, sneezing, facial
rubbing, head shaking, difficulty breathing, mouth or eye inflammation and
irritation, abscesses and draining tracts, and lameness. Treatment involves
identifying and removing the foreign object and treating any wounds or
infections that result.
Common Plants that Cause Mechanical Injury:
Common Name |
Botanical Name |
Burdock |
Arcticum lappa |
Foxtail |
Setaria spp. |
Sandbur |
Cenchrus pauciflorus |
Wild
Barley |
Hordeum spp. |
June
Grass |
Bromus tectorum |
Cocklebur |
Xanthium spp. |
Cacti |
Family Cactaceae |
- Plants that Affect the Nervous System: There are a number of plants
that have toxic effects on the nervous system. They may block nerve impulses,
cause convulsions, alter behavior, interfere with muscle activity and breathing,
or cause immediate death. There are no antidotes. Treatment involves steps to
prevent absorption and speed elimination, along with supportive care. Some of
these toxicities cannot be successfully treated.
- Plants that Cause Nicotine-Like Actions - These plants contain either
nicotine or similar substances that cause nausea, vomiting, salivation,
diarrhea, and nervous system signs of shaking, convulsions, muscle twitching,
weakness, and collapse. If large amounts are consumed and the nervous system is
depressed, difficult breathing and a low heart rate may precede heart failure,
coma, and death. Treatment involves removal of the plant material from the
digestive tract, along with supportive care to ensure breathing and cardiac
function until the toxin is eliminated from the body.
Common Nicotine-Like Plants:
Common Name |
Botanical Name |
Tobacco |
Nicotiana tobaccum |
Poison
Hemlock |
Conium maculatum |
Cardinal
Flower |
Lobelia cardinalis |
Great
Lobelia |
Lobelia siphilitica |
Indian
Tobacco |
Lobelia inflata |
Goldenchain |
Laburnum anagyroides |
- Convulsants - This group of plants causes convulsions. There are no
antidotes. Treatment involves symptomatic and supportive care.
Common Plants that Cause Convulsions:
Common Name |
Botanical Name |
Chinaberry |
Melia azedarach |
Moonseed |
Menispermum canadense |
Nux Vomica |
Strychnos nux-vomica |
Water
Hemlock |
Cicuta maculata |
- Plants that Alter Awareness - This group of plants contains substances
that can cause an altered mental or behavioral state in pets and people, and may
cause other signs of illness in pets. Signs may include depression, muscular
incoordination, respiratory depression, and a decrease in body temperature.
Large quantities can cause the animal to become unconscious. Some plant toxins
may cause blurred vision, vomiting, diarrhea, and cardiac and respiratory
distress. Others cause delirium, convulsions, and coma. There are no antidotes.
Supportive nursing care and symptomatic treatment are the mainstays of therapy.
Common Plants that Alter Awareness:
Common Name |
Botanical Name |
Marijuana |
Cannabis sativa |
Periwinkle |
Vinca rosea |
Jimson Weed |
Datura spp. |
Peyote |
Lophophora williamsii |
Nutmeg |
Myristica fragans |
Morning
Glory |
Ipomoea spp. |
Plants that Affect the Heart and Circulatory System:
- Plants that Cause Cardiovascular Changes - Several plants contain
chemicals that rapidly and significantly affect the heart. Signs initially may
include immediate nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. At times, gastrointestinal
signs are delayed for several hours. Respiratory distress may follow. Cardiac
effects include changes in heart rate and rhythm that culminate in death.
Treatment involves drugs that would be used to treat an overdose of the
cardiac medication, digitalis. This may include intravascular fluid support,
correction of electrolyte abnormalities, potassium chloride, atropine,
phenytoin, oxygen, and cardiac drugs such as propranolol or procainamide.
Treatment may not be adequate to save the pet.
The most lethal shrub in this group is oleander. Minute quantities of the
plant can be lethal if ingested. There have been reports of fatalities in
people after using the branches as hotdog sticks.
Common Plants that Affect the Heart:
Common Name |
Botanical Name |
Rhododendron |
Rhododendron spp. |
Lily-of-the-Valley |
Convallaria majalis |
Foxglove |
Digitalis purpurea |
Oleander |
Nerium spp. |
Yellow
Oleander |
Thevetia peruviana |
- Plants that Contain Cyanide - This group of plants causes death by
interfering with oxygen transfer from the blood to body tissues. Oxygen is
unable to travel from the blood into the cells. Most of the cyanide in the
plants is located in the seeds, but poisonings have been reported from ingestion
of other plant parts. Signs of toxicity include apprehension, urination,
defecation, muscle spasms, convulsions, labored breathing, dilation of the
pupils, coma, and death. Death may occur very rapidly following ingestion of
cyanide-laden seeds. Treatment involves the use of antidotes containing sodium
nitrate or sodium thiosulfate and steps to remove the plant material from the
gastrointestinal tract, along with supportive and symptomatic care.
Common Plants that Contain Cyanide:
Common Name |
Botanical Name |
Apple |
Malus spp. |
Almond |
Prunus amygdalus |
Apricot |
Prunus armeniaca |
Choke
Cherry |
Prunus virginianum |
Sweet
Cherry |
Prunus pisium |
Wild
Cherry |
Prunus serotina |
Japanese
Plum |
Eriobotrya japonica |
- Yew - There are several varieties of yews (Taxus spp.), including
American yew, Japanese yew, English yew, and Western yew. The Japanese yew,
valued as an ornamental shrub, is an evergreen with red, berry-like fruit. The
fruits, bark, and leaves are extremely toxic. Very small amounts can cause acute
death. It is estimated that less than 2 ounces of the plant can kill a 50 pound
dog. The toxin, an alkaloid, may cause sudden death by stopping the heart. The
plant may still be in the mouth when death occurs. Other signs may include
trembling, muscular weakness, difficulty breathing, diarrhea, and collapse.
There is no antidote. Treatment involves supportive and symptomatic nursing
care.
Summary: There are thousands of potential toxins. Many of these poisons
have no antidote and can end a pet’s life. By keeping common household poisons
and plants away from pets, the risk of danger is substantially reduced.
Unfortunately, accidental poisonings do occur. If a pet is poisoned, immediate
care can help save the animal. Do not attempt home therapy without contacting
a medical professional for advice. Call a veterinarian or local emergency
clinic if poisoning is suspected. In addition, the ASPCA National Animal
Poison Control Center has a 24-hour, 7-day a week, emergency hotline. The phone
number is 1-888-4ANI-HELP (1-888-426-4435). A fee is charged for the
service. This is the only animal-oriented poison information center in the
United States. Veterinarians and veterinary toxicologists answer the calls. The
number should be kept in a prominent place in case of emergency.